F4, chapter 4: pt 2;Chemical composition of the cell

CARBOHYDRATES

Contains Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
The ratio of hydrogen atom and oxygen atom is 2:1

F4, chapter 4: pt 1;Chemical composition of the cell

CHEMICAL COMPOUND OF THE CELL:

A) ORGANIC
-Carbohydrates
-Proteins
-Lipids
-Nucleic Acid

B) INORGANIC
-Water


THE IMPORTANCE OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

I) proteins
 -made up elements C, H, O, N, P
-build new cells
- required in th synthesis of enzymes( tertiary), antibodies.

II) carbohydrates
- elements C, H, O
-starch is main energy store of carbohydrate in plant
- glycogen is main energy in human and animal tissues
- cellulose forms the cell walls of plant cell

III) lipids
- C, H, O
-eg: fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, steroids.
-fats slouble vitamins: Vitamins A, D,E ,K
-waxes prevent water loss in plants

IV) Nucleic acids

structure of nucleotide:

 







Two types of nucleic acid:
A) deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
 - found in nucleus, chloroplast, mitochondrion
-contains genetic information

B) ribonucleic acid (RNA)
-found in cytoplasm, ribosomes, and nucleus
-copies information carried by DNA

Structure of Human Blood

There are three types of human blood vessel: artery, vein, cappilary

Human blood vessels consists of 3 types:

1.Artery

• Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to all parts of body except pulmonary artery

2.Cappilary

• Sites for exchange of respiratory gases, nutrients, and waste between blood
• The smallest blood vessels taht joints artery and vein

3. Vein

• Transport deoxygenated blood from all parts of body back to the heart except pulmonary vein

NOTES: 

• Artery branch out into smaller vessels called arterioles
• Arterioles branch to form cappilaries.
• Cappilary join with one another to form venules
• Venules join together to form vein

Function of Haemolymph

1)In insects,  the haemolymph  fills the entire body cavity called haemocoel.

2) A circulating system in insects is called open circulatory system.

3) Nutrients from digested foods and hormones diffuse from the haemolymph into the cells.

## HAEMOLYMPH DOES NOT TRANSPORT RESPIRATORY GASES BUT VIA THE TRACHEAL SYSTEM!!!

Functions of blood in Transport

1) Transport oxygen

• Transport from lungs which is alveolus to all part of body/cells
• In the lung, oxygen combines with haemoglobin, Hb to form oxyhaemoglobin then pumped to tissue
• In tissue, oxyhaemoglobin supplied for cellular respiration

                         

2) Transport of water to tissue

• to provide biochemical reactions
• 90% of water

3) Transport of carbon dioxide

4) Transport excretory waste products

• Deamination of excess amino acid occurs in liver to form urea
• From liver urea is transpoerted by blood to kidneys to be excreted

5)Transport of hormones

• Produces by the endocrine glands. For example: insulin and glucagon are carried by blood form pancreas to the liver

6) Transport of heat

• Regulate body temperature

7) Transport absorbd foor materials

• Soluble digested food, vitamins and mineral absorbed into the cappilaries of the villi in the small intestines. For examples: simple sugar (glucose), amino acid, vitamin B, ,mineral salts
• They are transported by hepatic portal vein from small intestines to liver then to heart
• Others food are absorbed into lacteals in villi. For examples: fatty acids, glycerol, vit A, D, E, K

Composition of Human Blood pt ii

B) Plasma

- Water: 90-92%
- Soluble solutes:

• Nutrients (glucose)
• Mineral ions (Na+, K+, Cl-)
• Dissolved gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide)
• Hormones (insulin)
• Wate products (urea and uric acid)
• Antibody
• Plasma protein (albuin, globulin, fibrinogen and prothrombin)

Composition of Human Blood

Cellular component


       i)PLATLES/ THROMBOCYTES

•  No nucleus
•  important in process of blood clotting

        ii)RED BLOOD CELL/ ERYTHROCYTES

• Biconcave disc shaped
• Increase TSA/V
• No nucleus to give space for great quantities of haemoglobin, Hb
• Manufactured in bone marrow
• Destroyed in spleen and liver
• Lifespan 120 days @ 4 months

        iii)WHITE BLOOD CELL/ LEUCOCYTES

 

DIVIDE BY 2 GROUPS

 - granulocytes and agranulocytes

GRANULOCYTES ( B. E. N)

• HAVE GRANUL & LOBED NUCLEI

Basophils

-secrete heparin to prevent blood clot

Eosinophils

-control allergic response

Neutrophils

-most in WBC

AGRANULOCYTES 

• NO LOBES & GRANUL

Lmphocytes

-kidney shaped nucleus

Lmphocytes

-produce antibody

1.2 Circulatory system

 1. Circulatory system involves

• deliver nutrients and oxygen to the cells
• carry carbon dioxide and other waste product away form the cells
• for body defense

2. 3 component of circulatory system

• MEDIUM: Blood
• BLOOD VESSELS: Arteries, veins, cappilaries
• PUMPING ORGAN: Heart

## BLOOD IS A CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Chapter 1: Transport (Unicell and multicell)

1.1 Problem faced by multicellular in obtaining their cellular requirements and removing their waste products

Unicellular organisms:

• Eg: Amoeba sp and Paramecium sp
• Have large total surface area (TSA/V)
• Obtain oxygen and nutrients
• Carbon dioxide eliminated by diffusion (simple diffusion)
• Doesnt need internal transport system

Multicellular organisms:

• Eg: man, cow, rat, etc
• Have small TSA/V